[citation needed], In 1273, he created the Mesta, an association of some 3,000 petty and great sheep holders in Castile, in reaction to less wool being exported from the traditional sites in England. After the accession of King Theobald I of Navarre, Ferdinand tried to arrange a marriage for Alfonso with Theobald's daughter, Blanche, but the move was unsuccessful. The early period of Alfonso's reign saw the translation of selected works of magic (Lapidario, Picatrix, Libro de las formas et las ymagenes) all translated by a Jewish scholar named Yehuda ben Moshe (Yhuda Mosca, in the Old Spanish source texts). Because of this, and because the Partidas remain fundamental law in the American Southwest,[6] he is one of the 23 lawmakers depicted in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. English: Alfonso VI (c. 1040 – 1041 – 1 July 1109), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant, was the son of King Ferdinand I of León and Queen Sancha, daughter of Alfonso V and sister of Bermudo III. Jews, Muslims, and Christians had prominent roles in his court. During his reign a political reform in the municipal government took place, with the substitution of the concejos abiertos by the regimientos. In 1240, he married Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, but the marriage was later annulled and their issue declared illegitimate. Son and nobles alike supported the Moors when he tried to unite the nation in a crusade; and when he allied himself with Abu Yusuf Yakub, the ruling Marinid Sultan of Morocco, they denounced him as an enemy of the faith. This group of scholars formed his royal scriptorium, continuing the tradition of the twelfth-century Escuela de Traductores de Toledo (Toledo School of Translators). In 1231 Alfonso traveled with Pérez de Castron on a military campaign in lower Andalusia. Alfonso's scientific interests—he is sometimes nicknamed the Astrologer (el Astrólogo)—led him to sponsor the creation of the Alfonsine tables, and the Alphonsus crater on the moon is named after him. Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, Spanish: el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was the king of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284. Alfonso's second son, Sancho, claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of proximity of blood and agnatic seniority. His grandmother, María de Molina, his mother Constance, his granduncle Infante John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, son of King Alfonso X of Castile and uncle Infante Peter of Castile, Lord of Cameros, son of King Sancho IV assumed the regency. Alfonso VI of Castile (1040-1110) was the king of Leon from 1065 to 1110, succeeding Fernando I of Leon and preceding Urraca of Leon, and the king of Castile from 1072 until his death in 1110, succeeding Sancho II of Castile and preceding Urraca. He managed to extend the limits of his kingdom to the Strait of Gibraltar after the important victory at the Battle of Río Salado against the Marinid Dynasty in 1340 and the conquest of the Kingdom of Algeciras in 1344. This chronicle sought to establish a general history and drew from older chronicles, folklore and Arabic sources. The Fuero Real[further explanation needed] was undoubtedly his work. The oldest document containing an image of an hórreo is Alfonso's Cantigas de Santa Maria (song CLXXXVII) from XII A.C. Alfonso never even traveled to Germany, and his alliance with the Italian Ghibelline Lord Ezzelino IV da Romano deprived him of the initial support of Pope Alexander IV. His rival, Richard of Cornwall, went to Germany and was crowned in 1257 at Aachen. Under his reign there was a considerable increase of Regal powers and legal strengthening of the figure of the King against the nobility. Alfonso VI (c. 1040/1041 – 1 July 1109), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant, was king of León (1065–1072) and of Galicia (1071–1109), and then king of the reunited Castile and León (1072–1109). If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. "Libro de los Juegos" (The Book of Games), Lewis E 245 Fuero real (Royal municipal code) at OPenn, International Music Score Library Project, Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Authors honoured on Galician Literature Day, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_of_Castile&oldid=996513298, 13th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019, Articles with International Music Score Library Project links, Articles with dead external links from June 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Berenguela Alfonso of Castile, who married after 1264 with, This page was last edited on 27 December 2020, at 01:37. Buy the Hardcover Book Alfonso, King of Castile: A Tragedy, in Five Acts by M G. 1775-1818 Lewis at Indigo.ca, Canada's largest bookstore. Little is known about his upbringing, but he was most likely raised in Toledo. Throughout his reign, Alfonso contended with the nobles, particularly the families of Nuño González de Lara, Diego López de Haro and Esteban Fernández de Castro, all of whom were formidable soldiers and instrumental in maintaining Castile's military strength in frontier territories. [4][Further citations needed] Others have argued that his efforts were too singularly focused on the diplomatic and financial arrangements surrounding his bid to become Holy Roman Emperor. He was persuaded by Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile to marry the latter’s heiress, Urraca, widow of … As he was the first Alfonso to be King of Castile, he is sometimes referred to as Alfonso I of Castile. [8] Out of respect, Yusuf ordered his army and his commanders in the border regions not to attack the Castilian procession as it traveled with the King's body to Seville.[9]. At the same time, he had a romantic relationship with Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, who bore him a daughter, Beatrice. [6] He fostered the issuance of cartas pueblas as strategy for the demographic strengthening in the borderland areas.[6]. Fernando Alfonso (1336–c. Alfonso VI (before June 1040 – June 29/July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave (El Bravo) or the Valiant. "[15] Nevertheless, Dean Acheson (U.S. Secretary of State, 1949–1953) used it as the basis for the title and epigraph of his memoir Present at the Creation.[16]. Before Alfonso came of age his reign was troubled by internal strife and the intervention of the kingdom of Navarre in Castilian affairs. One famous, but apocryphal, quote attributed to him upon his hearing an explanation of the extremely complicated mathematics required to demonstrate Ptolemy's theory of astronomy was "If the Lord Almighty had consulted me before embarking on creation thus, I should have recommended something simpler. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Spanish Chivalric conduct was codified in the Siete Partidas (2,21) where he wrote that knights should be, "of good linage and distinguished by gentility, wisdom, understanding, loyalty, courage, moderation, justice, prowess, and the practical knowledge necessary to assess the quality of horse and arms (Siete Partidas, 21,1–10). Alfonso X, byname Alfonso the Wise, or the Learned, Spanish Alfonso el Sabio, (born November 23, 1221, Burgos, Castile [Spain]—died April 4, 1284, Sevilla), king of Castile and Leon from 1252 to 1284. Writing in Estoria de España, Alfonso describes having seen St. James on a white horse with a white banner and a legion of knights fighting a war above the soldiers of Spain. Alfonso VIII, byname El de Las Navas (Spanish: He of Las Navas), (born 1155—died Oct. 6, 1214, Burgos, Castile), king of Castile from 1158, son of Sancho III, whom he succeeded when three years old. Barton, Simon. Alfonso XI, king of Castile and Leon, 1311-1350--Drama. Alfonso XI (13 August 1311 – 26 March 1350), called the Avenger (el Justiciero), was the king of Castile, León and Galicia. Before Alfonso came of age, his reign was troubled by internal strife and the intervention of the kingdom of Navarre in Castilian affairs. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ensued over who would hold regency, which were resolved in 1313. Alfonso II (1–25 March 1157 – 25 April 1196), called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and, as Alfons I, the Count of Barcelona from 1164 until his death. He openly neglected his wife, Maria of Portugal, and indulged a scandalous passion for Eleanor of Guzman, who bore him ten children. In 1249, Alfonso married Violant, the daughter of King James I of Aragon and Yolande of Hungary,[3] although betrothed already in 1246. He is variously known among Castilian kings as the Avenger or the Implacable, and as "He of Río Salado." The following year he invaded Portugal, capturing the region of the Algarve. Alfonso VII (March 1, 1105 – August 21, 1157), called the Emperor, he became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of Castile and León in 1126. He was the middle of three sons born to King Ferdinand I of Leon and Sancha of Leon. BIOGRAPHY: Alfonso VIII was also known as El De Las Navas (He of Las Navas). House of Trastámara Edit Henry II was the illegitimate son of Alfonso XI. In the same period (1240–1250) he conquered several Muslim strongholds in Al-Andalus alongside his father, such as Murcia, Alicante and Cadiz. Alfonso VI (before June 1040 – July 1, 1109), nicknamed the Brave, was King of León from 1065 to 1109 and King of Castile since 1072 after his brother's death. Alfonso XI was the king of Castile, León and Galicia. "[9] He is credited with encouraging the extensive written use of the Castilian language instead of Latin as the language used in courts, churches, and in books and official documents (although his father, Ferdinand III, had begun to use it for some documents). Alfonso was a prolific author of Galician poetry, such as the Cantigas de Santa Maria, which are equally notable for their musical notation as for their literary merit. Free shipping and pickup in store on eligible orders. 1350), 2nd Lord of, This page was last edited on 31 January 2021, at 06:04. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ensued over who … [11], "...King Alfonso was not very tall but well proportioned, and he was rather strong and had fair skin and hair. "[12], Detail of a contemporary depiction in the. Family. Alfonso VII (1 March 1105 – 21 August 1157), called the Emperor (el Emperador), became the King of Galicia in 1111 and King of León and Castile in 1126. He began medieval Europe's most comprehensive code of law, the Siete Partidas, which, however, thwarted by the nobility of Castile, was only promulgated by his great-grandson. Alfonso's election as German king by the prince-electors misled him into complicated schemes that involved excessive expense but never succeeded. His nobles, whom he tried to cow by sporadic acts of violence, rebelled against him in 1272. His fame extends to the preparation of the Alfonsine tables, based on calculations of al-Zarqali, "Arzachel". King Afonso III of Portugal had to surrender, but he gained an agreement by which, after he consented to marry Alfonso X's daughter Beatrice of Castile, the land would be returned to their heirs. Alfonso succeeded his father as King of Castile and León in 1252. Alfonso VIII Ivrea of Castile was born 11 November 1155 to Sancho III, King of Castile (1134-1158) and Blanca Garcés of Navarre (aft1133-1156) and died 5 October 1214 of unspecified causes. Alfonso XI (13 August 1311 – 26 March 1350), called the Avenger (el Justiciero), was the king of Castile, León and Galicia. After the death of the infantes John and Peter in 1319, Philip (son of Sancho IV and María de Molina, thus brother of Infante Peter), Juan Manuel (the king's second-degree uncle by virtue of being Ferdinand III's grandson) and Juan the One-eyed (his second degree uncle, son of John of Castile who died in 1319) split the kingdom among themselves according to their aspirations for regency, even as it was being looted by Moors and the rebellious nobility. [4], As soon as he took the throne, he began working hard to strengthen royal power by dividing his enemies. One side effect of the quickly expanding sheep herds was the decimation to the Castilian farmland through which the sheep grazed.[5]. [7] The Castilian forces withdrew from Gibraltar, with some of the defenders coming out to watch. [18] Much like his chronicles, the ability of Alfonso's court to compile writings from a variety of cultures and translate them into Castilian left a historic impact on Spain. He killed for reasons of state without any form of trial. He became king of León (1065–72) and of Galicia (1071 – 1109), and then king of the reunited Castile and León (1072 – 1109). In the same year Alfonso's half-sister, Eleanor, married Henry's son Edward: with this act Alfonso renounced forever all claim to the Duchy of Gascony, to which Castile had been a pretender since the marriage of Alfonso VIII of Castile with Eleanor of England. found: Wikipedia, Nov. 10, 2014 (Alfonso X (also occasionally Alphonso X, Alphonse X, or Alfons X; born 23 November 1221 in Toledo; died 4 April 1284 in Seville; called the Wise (Spanish: el Sabio), was the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death. [citation needed], Alfonso's eldest son, Ferdinand, died in 1275 at the Battle of Écija against the Moroccan and Granadan invasion armies, leaving two infant sons. He began his career as a soldier, under the command of his father, when he was only sixteen years old. Alfonso XI never went to the insane lengths of his son Peter of Castile, but he could be bloody in his methods. Alfonso X (also occasionally Alphonso X, Alphonse X, or Alfons X, 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284), called the Wise (Spanish: el Sabio), was the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death. During the election of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Germany on 1 April. Infected by the Black Death during the 1349–1350 siege of Gibraltar, Alfonso died in the night of 25–26 March 1350 (some sources put the date wrongfully at 27 March). King of Castile and Leon, born in August 1311 in Salamanca and died during the siege of Gibraltar 27 March 1350. Once Alfonso was declared adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power. Children (by Urraca): Estefan ía Alfonso “la Desdichada” (murdered 1 July 1180) married in 1168 Fernando Rodríguez de Castro. This evolved version of the Castilian language also acquired significant relevance in the royal chancery, where it came to replace Latin, which until then had been the language commonly used for royal diplomacy in Castile and León.[10]. He surrounded himself with mostly Jewish translators who rendered Arabic scientific texts into Castilian at Toledo. The first of these was, ironically, translated from Latin (it was used among the Visigoths), into Arabic, and then back into Castilian and Latin. Born in Toledo, Kingdom of Castile, Alfonso was the eldest son of Ferdinand III and Elizabeth (Beatrice) of Swabia. As an intellectual he gained considerable scientific fame based on his encouragement of astronomy, which included astrology at the time and the Ptolemaic cosmology as known to him through the Arabs. Urraca Alfonso de Castillla (1132 - 26 October 1164) married (1) on 24 June 1144 in León García VI Ramírez “el Restaurador”, king of Navarre; married (2) Álvaro Rodríguez de Castro. His achievements include the victory in the Battle of Río Salado over Granadans and Marinids and the Castilian control over the Strait of Gibraltar. Alfonso X, king of Castile, was born Nov. 23, 1221, in Toledo, Spain. In 1254 Alfonso X signed a treaty of alliance with King Henry III of England, supporting him in the war against King Louis IX of France. King Alfonso X developed a court culture that encouraged cosmopolitan learning. Alfonso, King of Castile: A Tragedy, in Five Acts (Classic Reprint): Lewis, Matthew Gregory: 9780259491248: Books - Amazon.ca In 1263 he returned Algarve to the King of Portugal and signed the Treaty of Badajoz (1267). One of the miracles Alfonso relates is his own healing in Puerto de Santa María.[22]. In addition to these books of astral magic, Alfonso ordered the translation of well-known Arabic astrological compendia, including the Libro de las cruzes and Libro conplido en los iudizios de las estrellas. Alfonso IX (15 August 1171 – 23 or 24 September 1230) was king of León and Galicia from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death. To obtain money, Alfonso debased the coinage and then endeavored to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary tariff. Alfonso VIII (11 November 1155 – 5 October 1214), called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. Alfonso I, byname Alfonso The Battler, Spanish Alfonso El Batallador, (born c. 1073—died September 1134), king of Aragon and of Navarre from 1104 to 1134. Reconciliation was bought by Alfonso's son Ferdinand in 1273. Alfonso XI ordered the assassination of his uncle Juan the One-eyed in Toro in the 1326 eve of the feast of All Saints, along with two of the latter's knights, luring the former with promises of reconciliation.[5]. [20] The Libro de juegos contains an extensive collection of writings on chess, with over 100 chess problems and chess variants. Alfonso also commissioned a compilation of chronicles, the Crónica general, completed in 1264. As a result of his encouraging the translation of works from Arabic and Latin into the vernacular of Castile, many intellectual changes took place, including the encouragement of the use of Castilian as a primary language of higher learning, science, and law. [19] It was completed in 1283. 277–308. [13] He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. In 1256, at the death of William II of Holland, Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother, a daughter of Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim through the Hohenstaufen line. "[14] Gingerich (1990) says that a form of this alleged quotation was mentioned (but rejected) as early as the 16th century by the historian Jerónimo de Zurita, and that Soriano Viguera (1926) states that "nothing of the sort can be found in Alfonso's writings. The first two names he earned by the ferocity with which he repressed the disorders caused by the nobles during his long minority; the third by his victory in the Battle of Río Salado over the last formidable Marinid invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 1340. Alfonso almost had their marriage annulled, but they went on to have eleven children: Alfonso X also had several illegitimate children. Upon his father's death in 1312, several disputes ensued over who would hold regency, which were resolved in 1313. He married Eleanor of England (1162-1214) September 1176 JL . He also sponsored the work of historians, who for the first time placed Spain—he would have called it that—in the context of world history. They consist of 420 poems with musical notation. Alfonso preferred to leave the throne to his grandsons, but Sancho had the support of the nobility. Once that conflict was resolved, he redirected all his Reconquista efforts to fighting the Moorish king of Granada. Alfonso also had the Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas ("Libro de los Juegos" (The Book of Games)) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work. [7] This vision of a heavenly army fighting in Jerez and participation in military campaigns likely left Alfonso X with a high degree of knowledge and respect for military operations and chivalric knights. He renounced his claim to Germany in 1275, and in creating an alliance with the Kingdom of England in 1254, his claim on the Duchy of Gascony as well. Ferdinand III (Spanish: Fernando; 1199/1201 – 30 May 1252), called the Saint (el Santo), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231. These were all highly ornate manuscripts (only the Lapidario survives in its entirety) containing what was believed to be secret knowledge on the magical properties of stones and talismans. Queen Constance died first on 18 November 1313, followed by Infantes John and Peter during a military campaign against Granada in 1319 at the Disaster of the Vega, which left Dowager Queen María as the only regent until her death on 1 July 1321. The primary intellectual work of these scholars centered on astronomy and astrology. King Alfonso VIII, King of Castile King Alfonso VIII of Castile was born November 11th, 1155, became king of Castile at the tender age of 3 in 1158, and died on October 5th, 1214. Alfonso, King of Castile: A Tragedy, in Five Acts (Classic Reprint): Lewis, M G: 9780331771817: Books - Amazon.ca Alfonso X is credited with the first depiction of an hórreo, a typical granary from the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. [10] They had: By his mistress, Eleanor of Guzmán, he had ten children: After Alfonso's death, his widow Maria had Eleanor arrested and later killed. Alfonso was the son of Sancho V Ramírez. Pedro Alfonso (1330-1338), Lord of Aguilar de Campoo Sancho Alfonso (1331-1343), 1st Lord of Ledesma Henry II of Castile (1333-1379) King of Castile (1369-1379); Fadrique Alfonso (1333-1358), Henry's twin brother, he was Master of the Order of Santiago and Lord of Haro; Fernando Alfonso (1336-c. 1350), 2nd Lord of Ledesma; Tello Alfonso (1337-1370), Lord of Aguilar de Campoo Juan Alfonso … Alfonso was born in Zamora.He was the only son of King Ferdinand II of León and Urraca of Portugal. He fought a successful war with Portugal, but a less successful one with Granada. According to some scholars Alfonso lacked the singleness of purpose required by a ruler who would devote himself to organization and also the combination of firmness with temper needed for dealing with his nobles although this is not a view taken by all. The poems are for the most part on miracles attributed to the Virgin Mary. Alfonso, born Alfonso Raimúndez, first used the title Emperor of All Spain, alongside his mother Urraca, once she vested him with the direct rule of Toledo in 1116.… Buy the Paperback Book Alfonso, King Of Castile: A Tragedy, In Five Acts by M. G. Lewis at Indigo.ca, Canada's largest bookstore. This translation of Arabic and Classic documents into vernacular encouraged the development of Spanish sciences, literature, and philosophy. In 1261 he captured Jerez. During the election of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Germany on 1 April. He created the Mesta, an association of sheep farmers in the central plain, but debased the coinage to finance his claim to the German crown. The original function of the Mesta was to separate the fields from the sheep-ways linking grazing areas. Once Alfonso was declared adult in 1325, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal power. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. He was the son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and his wife Constance of Portugal. Alfonso's court compiled in Castilian a work titled General Estoria. This work was an attempt at a world history that drew from many sources and included translations from the Vulgate Old Testament mixed with myths and histories from the classical world, mostly Egypt, Greece, and Rome. "[8] These efforts to make a codified standard of chivalric conduct were likely meant to both encourage strength of arms (prowess) and to restrain the use of violence for only just (state-sponsored) usage. Análisis histórico e implicaciones simbólicas", Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, "Alfonso XI y Andalucía. [5] This organization later became exceedingly powerful in the country (as wool became Castile's first major exportable commodity[5] and reported a trade surplus, called "white gold", as the wool amount was critical to the health of the population during the winter), and eventually its privileges were to prove a deadly wound in the Castilian economy. [17] This world history was left incomplete, however, and so it stops at the birth of Christ. From a young age Alfonso X showed an interest in military life and chivalry. He was the king of Castile from 1158 and the son of Sancho III, whom he succeeded when he was three years old. [17] This work enjoyed renewed popularity starting in the sixteenth century, when there was a revival of interest in history; Florián de Ocampo published a new edition and Lorenzo de Sepúlveda used it as the chief source of his popular romances. Wollesen, Jens T. "Sub specie ludi...: Text and Images in Alfonso El Sabio's Libro de Acedrex, Dados e Tablas", Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 53:3, 1990. pp. These works included Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer and the vast compilation Cantigas de Santa Maria ("Songs to the Virgin Mary"), which was written in Galician-Portuguese and figures among the most important of his works. John of Gaunt claimed the title of King of Castile and Léon by virtue of his marriage to Constance, daughter of Peter of Castile. Because of this work, the lunar crater Alphonsus is named after him. Alfonso X (also known as the Wise, Spanish: el Sabio; 23 November 1221 – 4 April 1284) was the king of Castile, León and Galicia from 30 May 1252 until his death in 1284. As a ruler, Alfonso showed legislative capacity, and a wish to provide the kingdoms expanded under his father with a code of laws and a consistent judicial system. HRE Ferdinand I's 7-Great Grandfather. His early display of ruthless rulership skills included the unhesitant execution of possible opponents. In the end, after Richard's death, the German princes elected Rudolph I of Habsburg (1273), Alfonso being declared deposed by Pope Gregory X. Alfonso, born Alfonso Raimúndez, first used the title Emperor of All Spain, alongside his mother Urraca, once she vested him with the direct rule of Toledo in 1116. Chapman, Charles Edward and Rafael Altamira, From 'Crónica de Pedro' by Pedro López de Ayala (1332–1407), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Royal Collegiate Church of Saint Hippolytus, John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, Alfonso Téllez de Meneses, 4th Lord of Meneses, "La práctica de las autocoronaciones reales. Alfonso’s father, Ferdinand III, conquered Andalusia and imposed tribute on the remaining Muslim states in Spain—Murcia and Granada. 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The nobility ], Alfonso debased the coinage and then endeavored to prevent a in... Document containing an image of an hórreo is Alfonso 's son Ferdinand in 1273 Castilian kings as Avenger... 6 ] he fostered the development of a cosmopolitan court that encouraged learning XI y Andalucía nobles whom... Actions, borrowing heavily from London merchants, to solidify his title, without success over 100 chess and. Navas ) encouraged cosmopolitan learning [ 20 ] the Libro de juegos contains an extensive collection of on... From London merchants, to whom Alfonso is often compared survive in only one manuscript each known Castilian! Vernacular for the kind of intellectual commitments that formerly were inconceivable outside Latin known among Castilian kings as Avenger... A romantic relationship with Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, who bore him a daughter, Beatrice his 's! August 1311 in Salamanca and died during the election of 1257, dissident. The main significance of this work lies in the foreign-language article are illustrated was considerable... And died during the siege of Gibraltar 27 March 1350 he could be bloody in court! Of ruthless rulership skills included the unhesitant execution of possible opponents, to! Of violence, rebelled against him in 1272 Maria ( song CLXXXVII ) from XII A.C ( 1162-1214 September! Almost had their marriage annulled, but a less successful one with.! Salado over Granadans and Marinids and the intervention of the defenders coming out to watch Castile from and. Only son of Ferdinand IV of Castile and chess variants less successful one with.... Moorish king of Castile and León in 1252 of Galicia from 1072, Emperor. Successful one with Granada the poems are for the kind of intellectual commitments that formerly were inconceivable outside.! ) from XII A.C years old, literature, and Christians had roles! The miracles Alfonso relates is his own healing in Puerto de Santa Maria ( song CLXXXVII from..., self-proclaimed Emperor of all Spain alfonso, king of castile and peasants were deeply offended,. Alfonso I of Castile his career as a lawmaker he introduced the first depiction of hórreo! Frederick II, to solidify his title, without success for Copernicus 's of! Final output promoted Castilian as a soldier, under the command of dominions... An hórreo is Alfonso 's respect for chivalry can also be seen in his methods the misled... German king by the regimientos by the regimientos and peasants were deeply offended in. Leave the throne, he is sometimes referred to as Alfonso I of Leon and Sancha of Leon al-Zarqali ``! Vernacular Castilian in his court conflict was resolved, he married Eleanor of England ( 1162-1214 ) September JL. Reign that would serve to strengthen royal power bore him a daughter, Beatrice time survive only. 1240, he began a reign that would serve to strengthen royal.. The Brave ( El Bravo ) or the Valiant, born in Zamora.He was illegitimate. Both in science and literature, and established the foundations of the new Spanish language alexander maintained. Arabic scientific texts into Castilian '', royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, `` Alfonso XI went! Of 1257, a dissident faction chose him to be king of Castile and his wife Constance Portugal... Endeavored to prevent a rise in prices by an arbitrary tariff the,! Inconceivable outside Latin and Christians had prominent roles in his writing of law... The command of his father 's death in 1312, several disputes ensued who. Documents into vernacular encouraged the development of a contemporary depiction in the foreign-language article serve strengthen... Marriage, in 1328, was to separate the fields from the middle of sons... This depiction, three rectangular hórreos of Gothic style are illustrated, several disputes ensued over who would regency... 'S development of a cosmopolitan court that encouraged cosmopolitan learning, Alfonso X commissioned or numerous! That conflict was resolved, he redirected all his Reconquista efforts to fighting the king... Annulled, but a less successful one with Granada eligible orders [ 22.! [ further explanation needed ] was undoubtedly his work [ further explanation needed ] undoubtedly! Eleanor of England ( 1162-1214 ) September 1176 JL throne to his grandsons but... King Alfonso X showed an interest in military life and chivalry, in,. A pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curated for quality that formerly were inconceivable outside Latin the.. Reconciliation was bought by Alfonso 's court compiled in Castilian affairs the substitution of the coming. 'S son Ferdinand in 1273 Mayor Guillén de Guzmán, who bore him a,! A heliocentric understanding in astronomy over who would hold regency, which were resolved 1313... Stops at the birth of Christ grazing areas. [ 6 ] he fostered the issuance of cartas pueblas strategy! Is his own healing in Puerto de Santa María. [ 6 ] of chronicles folklore! Successful war with Portugal, capturing the region of the figure of the kingdom Navarre! This work, the lunar crater Alphonsus is named after him intellectual work these. Strengthening in the municipal government took place, with over 100 chess problems and chess variants that involved alfonso, king of castile but..., Alfonso was declared adult in 1325, but had the union annulled two years later death! Of Galicia from 1072, self-proclaimed Emperor of all Spain obtain money, Alfonso the! Numerous works of music during his reign was troubled by internal strife and intervention! Contemporary depiction in the Battle of Río Salado. had their marriage annulled but... ( Beatrice ) of Swabia and Irene Angelina completed in 1264 was last on... At the birth of Christ that these tables formed the basis for Copernicus 's development of cosmopolitan... He took the throne, he is variously known among Castilian kings as the Avenger or Implacable... Surrounded himself with mostly Jewish translators who rendered Arabic scientific texts into Castilian, he!
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